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Exp7. Risk of attrition bias
There may be patterns in shared characteristics of the people who drop out of trials that can
impact on the findings.
Exp8. Risk of reporting bias
Bias introduced with selective reporting, under reporting of unexpected or undesired results
Exp8. Overall, how reliable are the findings?
Domain 3. How generalisable are the results?
Exp9. How relevant are the outcomes to this review?
DFE SAGE QA QUALITATIVE STUDY
Domain 1. What are the methods?
this QA was adapted from the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research: A Synthesis of
Recommendations journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 89(9) · June 2014
QUA1.is the method appropriate to the question?
the study should state the Qualitative approach (e.g., ethnography, grounded theory, case
study, phenomenology, narrative research) and guiding theory if appropriate;
identifying the research paradigm (e.g., postpositivist, constructivist/interpretivist) is also
recommended; rationale
QUA2. Were the sampling methods appropriate to the question?
Did the researcher aim for a range of participants, and for a diversity of perspectives
(breadth) , or a narrower range of participants for greater in-depth exploration of
phenomena (depth)
QUA3. Risk of sampling bias
is the sample limited in such a way that would exclude some views and perspectives that
could skew the results? were there systematic biases in the sample selection. Was the sample
such that a diversity of views could be explored? OR
Were the subjects justifiably chosen because of their unique perspectives?
QUA4. Was the study approved by an ethics committee?
QUA5. Was informed consent given?
Anonymity assured, plus withdrawal any time without detriments
QUA6. Risk of procedural bias
How the research is conducted could impact on the results, did the participants have all the
time they wanted to answer the questions?
Domain 2. Are the results valid?
QUA7. Does the researcher reflect on their influence in the research process
Researchers' characteristics that may influence the research, including personal attributes,
qualifications/experience, relationship with participants, assumptions, and/or
presuppositions; potential or actual interaction between researchers' characteristics and the
research
questions, approach, methods, results, and/or transferability
QUA8. Were the participants involved in the production of the research?
this could be in the form of formulating the research question, reading and commenting on
drafts, or interpreting the findings etc
QUA9. Risk of researcher bias
Where the researcher allows their own preconceived ideas to drive the research